ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms in surgeons with three types of surgery: open, laparoscopic, and microsurgery

background: musculoskeletal symptoms are the main cause of loss of working time, and increase in labor costs. poor posture is the most important risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal symptoms. this study aimed at evaluating the role of ergonomic risk factors in different surgical (open surgery, laparoscopy, and microsurgery) in the frequency or resonance frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms.   methods: this descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 81 surgeons in a hospital in tehran. in this study, the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was evaluated using the nordic questionnaire. moreover, workplace ergonomic risk assessment method (wera) was used to evaluate ergonomic risk factors in 3 types of open surgery, laparoscopy, and microsurgery.   results: the results revealed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck, back, shoulder, and arm is high in surgeons (over 75%). the mean final score of wera was 40.11, representing the high risk of the 3 types of surgery for the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms. results revealed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, waist and wrists had a significant relationship with the body posture in the 3 types of open surgery, laparoscopy, and microsurgery (p<0.05).   conclusion: in the present study, the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was high in the neck, waist, and hands surgeries. depending on the type of surgery, teaching correct working methods, using proper seats and ergonomic equipment are the best strategies to reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in the surgical profession.